Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) is an important enzyme found predominantly in the liver, bile ducts, and bones, with smaller amounts present in the intestines, kidneys, and placenta. This enzyme plays a significant role in the process of dephosphorylation, which is essential for various metabolic activities in the body. Measurement of ALP levels in blood is a key component of the Liver Function Test (LFT) and is widely used to evaluate liver health, bile duct function, and bone metabolism.
Elevated ALP levels are commonly associated with conditions affecting the hepatobiliary system, such as obstructive jaundice, bile duct obstruction, hepatitis, fatty liver disease, and liver cirrhosis. Since ALP is also produced by osteoblasts in bones, increased levels may indicate bone disorders such as rickets, osteomalacia, Paget’s disease, bone tumors, healing fractures, and vitamin D deficiency. In children and adolescents, higher ALP levels may be physiological due to active bone growth.
Low ALP levels are less common but may be seen in malnutrition, hypothyroidism, zinc deficiency, or certain genetic conditions. Because ALP originates from multiple tissues, its interpretation is often done in conjunction with other liver enzymes (ALT, AST, GGT) and clinical findings to determine the exact source of elevation.
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