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Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT), also known as Serum Glutamate Pyruvate Transaminase (SGPT), is a key intracellular enzyme predominantly found in liver cells (hepatocytes). It plays an essential role in amino acid metabolism by catalyzing the transfer of amino groups between alanine and α-ketoglutarate. Under normal conditions, ALT is present in low concentrations in the bloodstream. However, when liver cells are damaged or inflamed, ALT leaks into the blood, making it a highly sensitive and specific marker for liver injury.
ALT testing is a fundamental component of the Liver Function Test (LFT) panel and is widely used to detect and monitor liver diseases such as viral hepatitis (A, B, C, E), fatty liver disease, alcoholic liver disease, drug-induced liver injury, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular damage due to toxins or infections. Elevated ALT levels often indicate active liver cell injury even before clinical symptoms appear, allowing early diagnosis and timely intervention.
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